In this page we provide links to our data repository, publications, and working papers.
Data
Data from the Madrid component of the project (n = 806) has been uploaded to the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid data repository. It is currrently under embargo and will become publicly available on 01/03/2027. Due to data protection provisions, data from the German component of the experiment cannot be made publicly available.
Link to dataset here.
Work in progress
Radl, J., Apascaratei, P., Foley, W., Kröger, L., Lorente, P., Palacios-Abad, A., Solga, H., Stuhler, J., & Swarr, M. (2024). Social Inequality in Children’s Cognitive Effort and the Moderating Role of Incentives. (Link to working paper)
Foley, W., & Radl, J. (2024). College material? whether children’s effort or ability drives parents’ educational expectations depends on socioeconomic background. (Link to working paper).
Foley, W., & Radl, J. (2023). A model of indirect crowding. (Link to working paper)
Palacios-Abad, A., & Radl, J. (2023). Effort and dynamics of educational inequality: Evidence from a laboratory study among primary school children. (Link to working paper)
Peer-reviewed publications
Lorente, P., Ruuskanen, V., Mathôt, S., Crespo, A. & Radl, J. (2025). No evidence for association between pupil size and fluid intelligence among either children or adults. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-025-02644-2.
Foley, W., Kröger, L. & Radl, J. (2025). Parental support and diversity in sibling personality. Advances in Life Course Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100658.
Apascaritei, P., Radl, J. & Swarr, M. (2024). Material incentives moderate gender differences in cognitive effort among children. Learning and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102494.
Foley, W., & Radl, J. (2024). Parenting practices and children’s cognitive effort: A laboratory study. The Journal of Early Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316241250062
Radl, J., & Valdés, M.T. (2024). Month of birth and cognitive effort: a laboratory study of the relative age effect among fifth graders. Social Forces. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soae023
Apascaritei, P., Demel, S., & Radl, J. (2021). The Difference Between Saying and Doing: Comparing Subjective and Objective Measures of Effort Among Fifth Graders. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996772
Palacios-Abad, A. (2021). Strive to Succeed? The Role of Persistence in the Process of Educational Attainment. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996758
Radl, J., & Miller, L. (2021). Conceptual and Methodological Considerations on Effort: An Interdisciplinary Approach. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996792
Book chapters
Kröger, L., Palacios-Abad, A., & Radl, J. (forthcoming): “Non-cognitive Skills and Intergenerational Inequality: Reviewing the Power of Personality”. In: Jil Blanden, Jani Erola, Elina Kilpi-Jakonen, Lindsey Macmillan (Eds.). Research Handbook on Intergenerational Inequality. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar: 377-391.
Special issue of American Behaviour Scientist
Jonas Radl and Luis Miller served as guest editors for a Special Issue of the American Behaviour Scientist on “Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Effort: Measurement, Causes and Consequences”. Here are further articles from the issue, besides those listed above, which may be of interest:
Aguiar, F., Álvarez, M., & Miller, L. (2021). Locus of Control and the Acknowledgment of Effort. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996754
Bortolotti, S., Dohmen, T., Lehmann, H., Meyer, F., Pignatti, N., & Torosyan, K. (2021). Patience, Cognitive Abilities, and Cognitive Effort: Survey and Experimental Evidence From a Developing Country. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996754
De Dreu, C. K. W., Gërxhani, K., & Schram, A. (2021). Anticipating Peer Ranking Causes Hormonal Adaptations That Benefit Cognitive Performance. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996749
Gil-Hernández, C. J. (2021). The (Unequal) Interplay Between Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills in Early Educational Attainment. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996764
Holtmann, A. C., Menze, L., & Solga, H. (2021). Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment: How Important Are Children’s Personality Characteristics?. American Behavioral Scientist. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996779